AST Surgical Technologist Practice Exam

What is the name of the congenital defect characterized by the failure of the fetal blood vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta to close?

1. Patent ductus arteriosus

2. Septal defect

3. Coarctation of aorta

4. Arrhythmia

The correct answer is: Patent ductus arteriosus

The condition referred to in the question is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This congenital defect occurs when the ductus arteriosus, a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, fails to close after birth as it normally should. In a healthy circulatory system, this vessel is essential in fetal development, allowing blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs. After birth, as breathing begins and the lungs take over oxygenation, the ductus arteriosus is meant to close, preventing blood from flowing directly from the aorta into the pulmonary artery. When the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent), it can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs, potentially causing heart failure and other complications if not treated. Recognizing this condition is important for early intervention to prevent further health issues. The other options represent different types of cardiac conditions: a septal defect involves an abnormal opening between heart chambers, coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, and arrhythmia refers to irregular heartbeats, none of which directly relate to the vessel in question or its failure to close.